Cholera toxin (CT), an AB5-subunit toxin, enters host cells by binding the ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and travels retrograde through the trans-Golgi Network into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
How many B subunits does cholera toxin have?
The major virulence factor is cholera toxin (CT), which consists of two subunits: the A subunit (CTA) and the B subunit (CTB).
What are the major components of lipid raft?
Composition of lipid rafts Rafts are small platforms, composed of sphingolipids and cholesterol in the outer exoplasmic leaflet, connected to phospholipids and cholesterol in the inner cytoplasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer. These assemblies are fluid but more ordered and tightly packed than the surrounding bilayer.
How does cholera toxin affect a cell?
Once cholera toxin binds to cell surface receptors, the A Protomer can enter the cell and bind with and activate its target effector: adenylate cyclase. Increasing adenylate cyclase activity will increase cellular levels of cAMP, increasing the activity of ion pumps that remove ions from the cell.
What is the effect of cholera toxin on intestinal cell How does it act?
Cholera toxin (CT), a virulence factor elaborated by Vibrio cholerae, is sufficient to induce the severe diarrhea characteristic of cholera. The enzymatic moiety of CT (CtxA) increases cAMP synthesis in intestinal epithelial cells, leading to chloride ion (Cl−) efflux through the CFTR Cl− channel.
What is cholera toxin subunit B?
Cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1, making it a powerful tool for retrograde labeling of neurons. When used in neuronal tracing applications, CT-B is typically introduced by pressure injection or by iontophoretic injection into neural tissue.
What type of toxin is cholera toxin?
enterotoxin
Cholera toxin (CT) is an AB5 enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae and is responsible for the disease manifestations.
What is lipid raft of the cell membrane?
Lipid rafts are plasma membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids that are involved in the lateral compartmentalization of molecules at the cell surface. Internalization of ligands and receptors by these domains occurs via a process defined as raft-dependent endocytosis.
What are lipid rafts and what are the cellular processes they are involved in?
